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Close Encounters Of The Third Kind (1977)
The Lord Of The Rings: The Return Of The King (2003)
The Effect: Middle Earth goes to war on the Pelennor Fields.
Why So Impressive: With 200,000 combatants, Weta got the most out of its MASSIVE (Multiple Agent Simulation System in Virtual Environment) software, which generates digital crowds.
Geek Fact: MASSIVE even made its way to British telly, allowing the creation of thousands of ‘walking fat’ creatures the Adipose in Doctor Who .
The Matrix (1999)
The Effect: Reality dances to a different tune as Neo (Keanu Reeves) dodges bullets and discovers bullet time.
Why So Impressive: Achieved using a complicated arrangement of still cameras, actors on wires, and CGI, within a year everybody was copying it.
Geek Fact: Although the still-camera technique is old, the FX team used 3D visualisation to plan more intricate camera movement than had been previously possible.
The Thing (1982)
The Effect: Disguised as Norris (Charles Hallahan), the shape-shifting Thing’s torso turns into a mouth and its “head” sprouts spider’s legs and scuttles away.
Why So Impressive: Encouraged to push the envelope for gore, FX supervisor Rob Bottin designed such surreal imagery that the script was rewritten to accommodate his ideas.
Geek Fact: Bottin got so ill by working long hours on The Thing that John Carpenter ordered him to go to hospital once he’d finished.
The Lord Of The Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
The Effect: Frodo and Sam meet Gollum (Andy Serkis), the dishevelled husk of a man consumed by greed for the One Ring.
Why So Impressive: Originally intended to be composited into the frame, the strength of Serkis’ performance on-set caused Peter Jackson to shoot the actors together and have the FX team animate over the actor.
Geek Fact: Gollum’s pallid skin took four hours per frame to render.
Jurassic Park (1993)
The Effect: Best theme park in cinema history. Dinosaurs!
Why So Impressive: Spielberg assembled a crack team of experts (including Stan Winston and Dennis Muren) to combine animatronics and CGI, and the results are seamless.
Geek Fact: 'Go motion' was originally part of the FX mix but none was used in the finished film.
Avatar (2009)
The Effect: (Sam Worthington) goes native as a Na’vi – in 3-D!
Why So Impressive: James Cameron raised the bar for performance capture by shooting his actors in a huge hangar-shaped space called the Volume, all filmed by dozens of cameras.
Geek Fact: Cameron could see rudimentary animation of the actors Na'vi’d-up and interacting with Pandoran landscapes as they were filming.
Star Wars (1977)
The Effect: A spaceship whizzes past…and an even bigger Star Destroyer follows it, lasers blazing.
Why So Impressive: Pretty much the moment that changed FX cinema, this shot became the de facto showreel for Industrial Light & Magic and a harbinger of new possibilities.
Geek Fact: ILM’s original model was 91 centimetres long. For The Empire Strikes Back , a more detailed 259 cm long version was built.
Terminator 2: Judgement Day (1991)
The Effect: Skynet reveals its Terminator upgrade: the T-1000 (Robert Patrick), a shimmering killer made of endlessly versatile liquid metal.
Why So Impressive: CGI transformed Patrick into a walking, talking special effect, capable of shape-shifting through bars and creating pickaxe hands.
Geek Fact: Only 16 minutes of the film required CGI – small fry compared to today’s movies.
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
The Effect: Astronaut Dave Bowman (Keir Dullea) flies off beyond the infinite through a multi-coloured star gate.
Why So Impressive: Stanley Kubrick and Douglas Trumbull adapted slit-scan photography techniques to devise a perpetually changing kaleidoscopic effect.
Geek Fact: Trumbull took thousands of photographs showing items as diverse as architectural drawings and crystal structures.
